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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is characterised by machines that possess specific aspects of human intelligence, and encompass capabilities such as perception, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, language interaction, and even creative output. Over the past decade, AI has been integrated into the education space. It is being used to streamline students’ performance data in schools. For example, in Uttar Pradesh, the Nipun Assessment Test (NAT) is leveraging AI to assess the skills of 1.6 crore students across grades 1 to 8. AI also allows translation from one language to another, and provides individualised learning tools to students. In the last year or so, a subset of AI—generative AI—has been gaining traction. Generative AI uses deep learning to analyse existing sets of data to create new outputs. Unlike its predecessors, generative AI also has reasoning capabilities. ChatGPT, which can produce human-like responses to text prompts, and DALL-E, which can create images and artworks from text prompts, are popular examples of generative AI.

Cryptocurrency is a type of digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks based on blockchain technology. This technology enables secure and transparent transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks.

Key characteristics of cryptocurrencies include:

1. *Decentralization*: Cryptocurrencies are typically decentralized and operate on distributed ledger technology (blockchain), where transactions are recorded across a network of computers.
2. *Security*: Cryptography ensures the security of transactions and controls the creation of new units. Public and private keys are used to secure transactions and control ownership.
3. *Anonymity*: While transactions are transparent on the blockchain, users' identities are often pseudonymous, providing a level of privacy.
4. *Limited Supply*: Many cryptocurrencies have a capped supply, meaning there is a maximum number of coins that can ever be created, which contrasts with fiat currencies that can be printed indefinitely.
5. *Global Accessibility*: Cryptocurrencies can be transferred globally with relative ease and typically operate 24/7, allowing for transactions across different time zones.

Bitcoin, launched in 2009, was the first cryptocurrency and remains the most well-known. Since then, thousands of other cryptocurrencies (often referred to as altcoins) have been created, each with varying features and use cases. Cryptocurrencies are used for various purposes, including online purchases, investments, and as a means of transferring value across borders.
However, the cryptocurrency market is known for its volatility, regulatory challenges, and technological advancements. It continues to evolve rapidly, with ongoing developments in blockchain technology and broader adoption across industries.

Bitcoin and tokens are both types of cryptocurrencies but serve different purposes and operate on different principles:

1. *Bitcoin*: Bitcoin (BTC) was the first cryptocurrency, created by an unknown person or group of people using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. It operates on a decentralized peer-to-peer network called blockchain, which securely records all transactions.
   • *Purpose*: Bitcoin was originally intended to be a digital currency for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks. It is often referred to as "digital gold" due to its store of value properties and finite supply (capped at 21 million coins).
   • *Characteristics*: Bitcoin transactions are pseudonymous, meaning they are not directly tied to real-world identities but are transparently recorded on the blockchain. Ownership is secured through private keys and cryptography.
   • *Usage*: Bitcoin can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment, and as a hedge against inflation or economic instability.
2. *Tokens*: Tokens are a broader category of digital assets that can represent various assets or utilities on a blockchain. They are typically created and operated on existing blockchain platforms like Ethereum (using ERC-20, ERC-721 standards) or Binance Smart Chain (using BEP-20 standards).
   • *Purpose*: Tokens can represent ownership of assets (such as real estate or commodities), access rights to services (like in decentralized finance protocols), voting rights in governance systems, or other utilities within blockchain ecosystems.
   • *Characteristics*: Tokens can vary significantly in their design and functionality, depending on their intended use case and the blockchain platform they operate on. They are created through smart contracts and can be fungible (like ERC-20 tokens) or non-fungible (like ERC-721 tokens).
   • *Usage*: Tokens are used across various decentralized applications (DApps) and platforms within the broader cryptocurrency ecosystem. They enable new forms of digital ownership, decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and more.

In summary, while Bitcoin is a specific cryptocurrency designed primarily as a digital currency and store of value, tokens encompass a broader category of digital assets with diverse functionalities and use cases within blockchain ecosystems.

A currency pair is a quotation of two different currencies, where one currency is quoted against the other. In forex trading, currencies are always traded in pairs because when you buy one currency, you are simultaneously selling another currency.

Here's how a currency pair is typically represented:

• The first currency listed is called the base currency.
• The second currency listed is called the quote currency or counter currency.

For example, in the currency pair EUR/USD:

• EUR (Euro) is the base currency.
• USD (US Dollar) is the quote currency.

The exchange rate of a currency pair tells you how much of the quote currency is needed to purchase one unit of the base currency. For instance, if the EUR/USD exchange rate is 1.20, it means 1 Euro is equivalent to 1.20 US Dollars.
Currency pairs are traded in the forex market and are categorized into three main types:

1. *Major Pairs*: These pairs involve the most traded currencies globally, such as EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, and USD/CHF. Major pairs typically have high liquidity and are associated with lower spreads (the difference between the buying and selling prices).
2. *Minor Pairs (Cross Pairs)*: These pairs do not include the US Dollar but involve other major currencies, like EUR/GBP, EUR/JPY, and GBP/JPY. They are also traded actively but may have slightly higher spreads compared to major pairs.
3. *Exotic Pairs*: Exotic pairs involve one major currency and one currency from an emerging or smaller economy, such as USD/TRY (US Dollar/Turkish Lira) or EUR/TRY. These pairs generally have lower liquidity and wider spreads, making them more volatile and less frequently traded.

Understanding currency pairs is fundamental in forex trading as traders analyze the relative strength and economic performance of each currency to make informed trading decisions.